X

X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is pronounced eks (/ɛks/). more...

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In phonetics, x is the IPA and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless velar fricative (IPA is used for pronunciation throughout this article).

History

The consonant cluster /ks/ was, in Ancient Greek, written as either Chi Χ (Western Greek) or Xi Ξ (Eastern Greek). In the end, Chi was standardized as /kʰ/ (/x/ in Modern Greek), while Xi was standardized for /ks/. But the Etruscans had taken over Χ from older Western Greek; therefore, it stood for /ks/ in Etruscan and Latin.

It is unknown whether the letters Chi and Xi are Greek inventions, or whether they are ultimately of Semitic origin. Chi was placed toward the end of the Greek alphabet, after the Semitic letters, along with Phi, Psi, and Omega, suggesting that it was an innovation; further, there is no letter corresponding specifically to the sound /ks/ in Semitic. There was a Phoenician letter kheth with a probable sound /ħ/, somewhat similar to /kʰ/, but this was adopted into Greek as first the consonant /h/, and later, the long vowel Eta (Η,η), and does not seem to have been the source of Greek Chi. The Phoenician letter Samekh (representing /s/) is usually considered the inspiration for Greek Xi, but as noted, Chi had a graphically distinct shape from Xi — although it may possibly have been another variant originally based on samekh. The original form of samekh may have been an Egyptian hieroglyph for the Djed column, but this too is uncertain, as no intervening Proto-Sinaitic form of this letter is attested.

Usage

In some languages, as a result of assorted phonetic changes and handwriting adaptations, X has other pronunciations:

Basque: as a spelling for .; English: X is a double consonant or, rather, a sign for the compound consonants ; or sometimes when followed by an accented syllable beginning with a vowel, or when followed by silent h and an accented vowel (e.g. exhaust, exam); usually at the beginnings of words (e.g. xylophone), and in some compounds keeps the sound, as in (e.g. meta-xylene). It also makes the sound in words ending in -xion. It can also represent the sounds or , for example, in the words luxury and sexual, respectively. When the letter X begins a word in the English language such as xynene and a z sound is created the X is said to be silent. Final x is always (e.g. ax/axe) except in loan words such as faux (see French, below).; French: at the ends of words, silent (or in liaison if the next word starts with a vowel). This usage arose as a handwriting alteration of final -us. Two exceptions are pronounced : six and dix.; In Norwegian, X is generally pronounced , but since the nineteenth century there has been a tendency to spell it out as ks whenever possible; it may still be retained in names of people, though it is fairly rare, and occurs mostly in foreign words and SMS language.; Spanish: In Old Spanish, X was pronounced like as it is still currently in other Iberian languages. Later, the sound evolved to a hard sound. In modern Spanish, the hard sound is spelled with a j, or with a g before e and i, though x is still retained for some names (notably México, which alternates with Méjico). Now, X represents the sound (word-initially), or the consonat clusters and (e.g. oxígeno, examen). Even rarer; like in Old Spanish, the x can be pronounced as in modern day in some proper nouns such as Raxel (a variant of Rachel) and Xelajú. In American and seseo Spanish, the xc in excelente is pronounced as but in Spain, this combination is pronounced .; In Albanian, x represents , while the digraph xh represents .; Polish doesn't use X. In loanwords, X is either replaced by ks like in 'ekstra' (extra), or gz like in 'egzotyczny' (exotic).; Nguni languages: represents the Lateral alveolar click .; In some recently created alphabets based on the Roman alphabet, x represents . This is the case in Kurdish, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Tatar and Lojban.; In Hanyu Pinyin, the official transcription system for Mandarin Chinese, the letter x denotes the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative /ɕ/.; In the German and Italian languages, X is used mainly in foreign loan words.; In Maltese x is pronounced ʃ;

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